Real-time arrival boards at every stop

Not just train stations — bus stops too. Even a simple e-ink screen powered by solar showing "Next bus: 7 mins."

"This train is full" alerts

Push notification: "The 8:12 from Parramatta is at capacity. The 8:18 has seats." Let people make informed choices.

Off-peak fare incentive

Bigger discount for travelling outside peak hours. Already exists in some cities but not aggressive enough to shift behaviour.

Tax incentive for employer flexible start times

Encourage (tax incentive?) employers in CBDs to offer 10am starts, reducing peak demand. Already proven overseas.